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  1. ; ; (, Elsevier)
    Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can be transferred vertically as well as horizontally between bacteria. They have been shown to code for numerous bacterial phenotypes, the most concerning of which is resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Plasmid-mediated transfer of drug resistance genes has notably led to the rapid spread of resistant strains, which now presents a human health crisis. While this rapid evolution of bacteria due to horizontal plasmid transfer has historically dominated this research field, increasing attention is being paid to the (co-)evolutionary interactions that shape the long-term population dynamics of bacteria and plasmids. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available January 1, 2026